Cross coverage

  • Cross Coverage is specified between the cover points or variables
  • Expressions cannot be used directly in a cross; a coverage point must be explicitly defined first

Types of constraints

  • Constraint Block, External Constraint Blocks and Constraint Inheritance
  • Inside Operator
  • Weighted Distribution
  • Implication Operator and if-else
  • Iterative in Constraint Blocks (foreach constraints)
  • Disable Constraint
  • Static Constraints
  • In line Constraints
  • Functions in Constraints
  • Soft Constraints
  • Unique Constraints
  • Bidirectional Constraints
  • Solve-Before

Interface: modport & clockingblock

Clocking Block

A clocking block must be part of a module or interface.

NomenclatureUse
clocking event : provides a synchronization reference for DUT and testbenchthis part is what enables us to avert race conditions
clocking signals : to be sampled and driven by the testbenchcan be any type:
nets and variables
clocking skew : the timing, relative to the clock event, that the testbench uses to drive and sample those signalsinputs must not have #0 delay, outputs can
clockvar: cb.signal; not a signalshould only be used with
nb assignment <=

Uses:

  • Cycle oriented
  • Decoupling Testbench from Signal Details
    • @(posedge clk) becomes @cb
  • Assuring Race-free Reading of Input Clockvars
    • cb.clockvar better accessed @cb rather than @(posedge clk)
  • Features:-
    • Inactive-Edge Skew Ex: output negedge some_signal
    • default clocking any_name@(posedge sysclk); endclocking

ModPorts

  • groups and specifies the port directions to the wires/signals declared within the interface
  • declared inside the interface with the keyword modport.
  • can contain clocking block
  • can be made virtual
@evwait(ev.triggered)
@ statement should be executed before the triggerwait can be executed before or after the trigger
(but in same time slot)